ZhongXiang Zhang

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ZhongXiang Zhang (张中祥) is an Adjunct Senior Fellow at East-West Center. He also is an adjunct professor at Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Peking University, and an adviser to both Center for Energy Economics and Strategy Studies, Fudan University, Shanghai, and Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. He is co-editor of both Environmental Economics and Policy Studies (the official journal of the Society of Environmental Economics and Policy Studies) and International Journal of Ecological Economics & Statistics, and is serving on the editorial boards of other nine international journals including Climate Policy, Energy Policy, Energy and Environment, Environmental Science and Policy, International Environmental Agreements, and Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change.

He authors over 170 journal articles, book chapters and other publications, and authors/edits 16 books and special issues of international journals (Energy Economics, Energy Policy, International Economics and Economic Policy, International Environmental Agreements, and Journal of Policy Modeling). His papers at the web site of Social Science Research Network have been downloaded over 14,200 times, with their abstracts reviewed over 100,000 times. He is among the most cited authors by the IPCC Climate Change 2001 and 2007, and by Trade and Climate Change: WTO-UNEP Report. He is among Social Science Research Network Top 100 Economics Authors, and among IDEAS/RePEc list of both the leading energy economists and the leading environmental economists in the world. Based on the number of journal pages weighted by the number of authors, he is among the Top 1000 Economists in the worldwide ranking.

His professional services include being consulted by Canada's Minister of the Environment for inputs to the 2005 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP11); joining colleagues from the "Circle of Climate Gurus" to assess the adequacy of the world's efforts on climate change for the World Economic Forum; working with five "world's leading environmental economists" to improve the design of the EU emissions trading scheme; getting involved in a variety of activities with chief climate negotiators from a dozen key countries; serving as an expert to many national and international organizations (including UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO, European Commission, OECD, ADB, IPCC, CEC, the World Bank); and frequently keynoting major international conferences (including the International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE) International Conferences. See a letter of appreciation from the IAEE conference program chairman) in Asia, Europe and North America. Some of his activities were endorsed by environment ministers of Canada, China, Germany, Taiwan, The Netherlands, and United Kingdom as well as the EU Commissioner for the Environment.

He has been interviewed and/or cited in, e.g., Africa Time, Agence France-Presse, Alternatives Internationales (France), Asian Wall Street Journal, Associated Press, Bangkok Post, BBC News, Chicago Tribune, CCTC.com, China.com.cn, Chinaqw.com.cn, China Daily, China Radio International, Chinese News Net, China Times, CNBC, Daily India, El País (the largest daily newspaper in Spain), El Watan (Nigeria), ENB, European Energy Review, Far Eastern Economic Review, Financial Times, Forbes, Earth Times, Energy Daily, Gazeta Wyborcza (national quality daily in Poland), International Business Times, Le Monde (the icon of the French press), Lianhe Zaobao (Singapore), Ming Pao, Nei Bu Can Kao (restricted to the senior Chinese officials), New Scientist, New York Times, OECD Highlights, People Net, Radio Taiwan International, Red Herring, Reference News, Renewable Energy News, Reuters, San Francisco Chronicle, Science and Development Network, Science Net, Sina Net, South China Morning Post, South Korea Wire, Spero News, Sydney Morning Herald, Ta Kung Pao, The News International (Pakistan), Time Magazine, United Press International, USA Today, VOA News, Wall Street Journal, Washington Observer, Washington Post, Washington Times, Weathervane at Resources for the Future, World News Network, Xinhua News Agency.

He was a visiting fellow at Pennsylvania State University and Stanford University (1996). He worked at both Faculty of Law and Faculty of Economics, University of Groningen, the Netherlands (1997-2001); Department of Economics, Wageningen University (1992-1996), the Netherlands; Policy Studies Department, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN, 1990); and Energy Research Institute, National Development and Reform Commission in Beijing (1987-1989).

Books (Click here to view Zhang's CV)

Zhang, Z.X., Energy, Climate and Environmental Economics and Policy: National, Regional and Global Perspectives, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, England and Northampton, USA, forthcoming.

Bleischwitz, R., Welfens, P. and Z.X. Zhang (Eds.), International Resource Policy: New Dimensions to a Green Economy, Springer, forthcoming.

Zhang, Z.X. (Guest Editor, 2013), Energy and Climate Economics and Policy, Special Issue of Environmental Economics and Policy Studies (EconLit), Springer, Vol. 15.

Zhang, Z.X. (Guest Editor, 2013), Energy, Climate and Environmental Policy in China, Special Issue of Energy & Environment (SCI), Multi-Science Publishing Co. Ltd., England, Vol. 24.

Bleischwitz, R., Welfens, P. and Z.X. Zhang (Guest Editors, 2012), Resources, Energy and Eco-Innovation, Special Issue of Mineral Economics, Springer, Vol. 24, Nos. 2-3, pp. 55-163.

Bleischwitz, R., Welfens, P. and Z.X. Zhang (Guest Editors, 2011), The Challenges of Resource Efficiency and Appropriate Strategies, Special Issue of S.A.P.I.EN.S (Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment & Society), Vo. 4, No. 2.

Zhang, Z.X. (2011), Energy and Environmental Policy in China: Towards a Low-Carbon Economy, New Horizons in Environmental Economics Series, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, England and Northampton, USA.

Bleischwitz, R., Welfens, P. and Z.X. Zhang (Eds., 2011), International Economics of Resource Efficiency: Eco-Innovation Policies for a Green Economy, Springer, 400 pp.

Fereidun Fesharaki, Nam-Yii Kim, Yoon-Hyung Kim and ZhongXiang Zhang (Eds., 2011), Global Dynamics in the Green Energy Industry: A New Engine of Growth, Korean Energy Economics Institute Press, Seoul, xliii + 336 pp.

Bleischwitz, R., Welfens, P. and Z.X. Zhang (Guest Editors, 2010), International Economics of Resources and Resource Policy, Special Issue of International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, Vol. 7, Nos. 2/3, pp. 147-370.

Zhang, Z.X. (Guest Editor, 2010), Services, the Environment and the NAFTA, Special Issue of International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 89-164.

Bor, Y. and Z.X. Zhang (Guest Editors, 2010), Asian Energy in the Context of Growing Security and Environmental Concerns, Special Issue of Energy Economics, Elsevier, Vol. 32, pp. S1-S78.

Bleischwitz, R., Welfens, P. and Z.X. Zhang (Eds., 2009), Sustainable Growth and Resource Productivity: Economic and Global Policy Issues, Greenleaf Publishing, United Kingdom, vi + 360 pp.

Zhang, Z.X. (Guest Editor, 2009), Climate Change and Energy Policy,Special Issue of Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier (This special issue features the selected contributions from the Past President of the American Economic Association and seventeen other eminent analysts at Harvard, MIT, Princeton, Syracuse, Northeastern, University of Paris 10, Free University Amsterdam, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, University of Venice, Australian National University, etc), Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 359-477.

Zhang, Z.X. (Guest Editor, 2007), Trade and the Environment in North America, Special Issue of the journal International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer (This special issue features the contributions from economists and law professors at Universities of Houston, Michigan and Oxford), Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 105-207.

Zhang, Z.X. and Y. Bor (Eds., 2006), Energy Economics and Policy in Mainland China and Taiwan, China Environmental Science Press, Beijing, (in Chinese).This edited volume features 20 chapters from over 30 senior officials, leading experts and chief executives from 21 institutes in Mainland China and Taiwan on challenging energy issues (coal and clean coal technologies, oil, natural gas, power generation, nuclear energy, energy conservation, renewable energy, energy security, and energy-related environmental issues) across the Straits. This is the first book of this kind that comprehensively addresses these energy issues facing Mainland China and Taiwan.  (Press Release: First 'Cross Straits' Energy Book Released).

Zhang, Z.X. (Guest editor, 2004), An Economic Analysis of Climate Policy: Essays in Honour of Andries Nentjes, Special Issue of the journal Energy Policy , Elsevier, Vol. 32, No. 4 (This special issue features the contributions from the twenty three eminent analysts at MIT, Stanford, Brookings Institution, Resources for the Future, the President's Council of Economic Advisers, and others from Asia and the Pacific, Europe and the U.S.), pp. 443-581.

Zhang, Z.X., 2002, National and International Emissions Trading for Greenhouse Gases (with Andries Nentjes and others), The Netherlands National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change (NOP), 378 pp.

Zhang, Z.X., 1999, International Rules for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading, United Nations, New York and Geneva, (with Tom Tietenberg and others). (Press Release Emissions Trading 101 at the Resources for the Future).

Zhang, Z.X., 1998, The Economics of Energy Policy in China: Implications for Global Climate Change, New Horizons in Environmental Economics Series, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, England and Northampton, USA, 279 pp, (Click here for Editorial Review at Amazon.com and the Publisher web sites).

Zhang, Z.X., 1998, Market Performance and Environmental Policy: A Scenario Study for a Market Oriented Environmental Policy (with Andries Nentjes and others), Foundation for Economic Research (SEO), University of Amsterdam, 131 pp.

Zhang, Z.X., 1995, Integrated Economy-Energy-Environment Policy Analysis: A Case Study for the People's Republic of China , The Netherlands National Research Programme on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change (NOP), October, 308 pp.

Selected Articles

Zhang, Z.X. (2012), Trade in Environmental Goods, with Focus on Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies, in Denise Prévost and Geert van Calster (Editors), Research Handbook on Environment, Health and the WTO, Edward Elgar.

Zhu, L., Zhang, Z.X. and Y. Fan (2011), An Evaluation of Overseas Oil Investment Projects under Uncertainty Using a Real Options Based Simulation Model.

Zhang, Z.X., Competitiveness and Leakage Concerns and Border Carbon Adjustments, International Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, an invited state of the art paper, forthcoming.

Zhang, Z.X., An Analysis of China’s Energy Demand and Supply Policy Framework, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, an invited state of the art paper, forthcoming.

Zhang, Z.X., Who Should Bear the Cost of China’s Carbon Emissions Embodied in Goods for Exports?, Mineral Economics, Springer, forthcoming.

Zhang, Z.X., Breaking the Impasse in International Climate Negotiations: A New Direction for Currently Flawed Negotiations and a Roadmap for China to 2050, in Dongmin Lee and Mingjiang Li (Editors), China and Global Governance, Routledge, forthcoming.

Mochizuki, J. and Z.X. Zhang, Environmental Security and its Implications for China’s Foreign Relations, in Guoguang Wu (Editor), Human Security in China’s Foreign Relations, Routledge, forthcoming.

Wu, L.B., Li, J. and Z.X. Zhang (2011), Inflationary Effect of Oil-price Shocks in an Imperfect Market: A Partial Transmission Input-output Analysis, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Paper No. 579, Berkeley Electronic Press.

Xu, H.Y. and Z.X. Zhang (2011), A Trend Deduction Model of Fluctuating Oil Prices, Nota di Lavoro 22.2011, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei Working Paper No. 583, Berkeley Electronic Press.

Zhang, Z.X. (2011), Climate Change Meets Trade in Promoting Green Growth: Potential Conflicts and Synergies, in Chin-Hee Hahn, Kyung-Soo Yoon, and Sang-Hyop Lee (Editors), Climate Change and Green Growth: International Perspectives and Lessons for Korea, Edward Elgar.

Zhang, Z.X. (2011), Assessing China’s Carbon Intensity Pledge for 2020: Stringency and Credibility Issues and their Implications, Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, Springer, Vol. 13.

Zhang, Z.X. (2011), Effective Environmental Protection in the Context of Government Decentralization, International Economics and Economic Policy, Springer, Vol. 8.

Zhang, Z.X., forthcoming, In What Format and under What Timeframe Would China Take on Climate Commitments? A Roadmap to 2050, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics.

Zhang, Z.X. (2010), China in the Transition to a Low-Carbon Economy, Energy Policy, Vol. 38, pp. 6638-6653.

Zhang, Z.X. (2010), Assessing China's Energy Conservation and Carbon Intensity: How Will the Future Differ from the Past?, in Ross Garnaut, Jane Golley and Ligang Song (Editors), China: The Next Twenty Years of Reform and Development, Australian National University E-Press, Brookings Institution Press, and Social Sciences Academic Press, pp. 99-125.

Zhang, Z.X. (2010), The U.S. Proposed Carbon Tariffs, WTO Scrutiny and China's Responses, International Economics and Economic Policy, Vol. 7, Nos. 2/3, pp. 203-225.

Tang, W., Wu, L. and Z.X. Zhang (2010), Oil Price Shocks and Their Short- and Long-Term Effects on the Chinese Economy, Energy Economics, Vol. 32, Special Issue on Asian Energy in the Context of Growing Security and Environmental Concerns, pp. S3-S14.

Zhang, Z.X. (2010), Is It Fair to Treat China as a Christmas Tree to Hang Everybody's Complaints? Putting its Own Energy Saving into Perspective, Energy Economics, Vol. 32, Special Issue on Asian Energy in the Context of Growing Security and Environmental Concerns, pp. S47-S56.

Zhang, Z.X. (2010), Copenhagen and Beyond: Reflections on China's Stance and Responses, in Emilio Cerdá and Xavier Labandeira (Editors), Climate Change Policies: Global Challenges and Future Prospects, Edward Elgar, pp. 239-253.

Zhang, Z.X. (2010), Services, the Environment and the NAFTA, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 89-91.

Zhang, Z.X. (2010), The US Proposed Carbon Tariffs and China's Responses, Energy Policy, Vol. 38, pp. 2168-2170.

Zhang, Z.X. (2010), Liberalizing Climate-Friendly Goods and Technologies in the WTO: Product Coverage, Modalities, Challenges and the Way Forward, in United Nations, Trade and Environment Review 2009/2010: Promoting Poles of Clean Growth to Foster the Transition to a More Sustainable Economy, UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2009/2, A Flagship Publication of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Every Three Years, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 178-203.

Zhang, Z.X., 2009, Multilateral Trade Measures in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime?: What Can Be Taken from the Montreal Protocol and the WTO?, Energy Policy, Vol. 37, pp. 5105-5112.

Zhang, Z.X., 2009, How Should China Respond to the U.S. Proposed Carbon Tariffs?, International Petroleum Economics, Vol. 17, No. 8, pp. 13-16.

Zhang, Z.X., 2009, An Economic Model-based Analysis of Climate and Energy Policy, Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 359-361.

Zhang, Z.X., 2009, Encouraging Developing Country Involvement in a Post-2012 Climate Change Regime: Carrots, Sticks or Both?, in Climate and Trade Policies in a Post-2012 World, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland.

Zhang, Z.X. (2009), How Far Can Developing Country Commitments Go in an Immediate Post-2012 Climate Regime?, Energy Policy, Vol. 37, pp. 1753-1757

Zhang, Z.X., 2008, Asian Energy and Environmental Policy: Promoting Growth While Preserving the Environment, Energy Policy, Vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 3905-3924.

Zhang, Z.X., 2007, China's Hunt for Oil in Africa in Perspective, Energy and Environment, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 87-92. Cited in Agence France-Presse, Asian Wall Street Journal, BBC News, USA Today, Wall Street Journal.

Zhang, Z.X., 2007, China Is Moving away the Pattern of "Develop first and then Treat the Pollution", Energy Policy, Vol. 35, pp. 3547-3549.

Zhang, Z.X., 2007, China's Reds Embrace Green, Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 170, No. 5, pp. 33-37.

Zhang, Z.X. and C.L. Carpentier, 2007, Trade and the Environment in North America, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics,Vol. 7, No. 2.

Zhang, Z.X., 2007, China, the United States and Technology Cooperation on Climate Control, Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 10, Nos. 7&8, pp. 622-628.

Zhang, Z.X., 2007, Why Has China not Embraced a Global Cap-and-Trade Regime?, Climate Policy, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 166-170.

Zhang, Z.X., 2007, A Report on the International Conference on Climate Policy After Marrakech: Towards Global Participation, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 203-217.

Zhang, Z.X., 2006, Energy, Environmental and Climate Issues in Asia: Interview with Harvard Project for Asian and International Relations -- "a series of interviews with world leaders, renowned scholars and leading business professionals on their personal experiences in studying and helping to shape the future of Asia", in: Redefining Asia: Visions and Realities, Harvard University, pp. 21-26.

Rose, A., Peterson, T. and Z.X. Zhang, 2006, Regional Carbon Dioxide Permit Trading in the United States: Coalition Choices for Pennsylvania, Penn State Environmental Law Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 203-229.

Zhang, Z.X., 2006, Towards an Effective Implementation of Clean Development Mechanism Projects in China, Energy Policy , Vol. 34, pp. 3691-3701.

Zhang, Z.X., 2006, The World Bank's Prototype Carbon Fund and China, Journal of Energy and Development , Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 157-171 .

Yun, W.C. and Z.X. Zhang, 2006, Electric Power Grid Interconnection in Northeast Asia, Energy Policy , Vol. 34, pp. 2298-2309.

Zhang, Z.X., 2004, Open Trade with the U.S. without Compromising Canada's Ability to Comply with its Kyoto Target, Journal of World Trade, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 155-182.

Zhang, Z.X., 2004, Meeting the Kyoto Targets: The Importance of Developing Country Participation, Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 3-19.

Zhang, Z.X. and L. Assunção, 2004, Domestic Climate Policy and the WTO, The World Economy, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 359-386.

Rose, A. and Z.X. Zhang, 2004, Interregional Burden-Sharing of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in the United States, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change , Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 477-500.

Zhang, Z.X., 2004, Climate Change Policy, Issues in Science and Technology, A Publication of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Spring).

Zhang, Z.X. and A. Baranzini, 2004, What Do We Know About Carbon Taxes? An Inquiry into their Impacts on Competitiveness and Distribution of Income, Energy Policy, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 507-518.

Zhang, Z.X., 2003, Why Did the Energy Intensity Fall in China's Industrial Sector in the 1990s?: The Relative Importance of Structural Change and Intensity Change (Press Release at Edie), Energy Economics, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 625-638.

Zhang, Z.X., 2003, An Assessment of the Economic Effects of Progressively Broadening the Scope of the Market of Tradable Permits from No Emissions Trading to Full Global Trading, Quantitative and Technical Economics, Vol. 20, No. 9, pp. 95-99.

Zhang, Z.X., 2002, The Economic Effects of An Alternative EU Emissions Policy, Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 24, Nos. 7-8, pp. 667-677.

Löschel, A. and Z.X. Zhang, 2002, The Economic and Environmental Implications of the US Repudiation of the Kyoto Protocol and the Subsequent Deals in Bonn and Marrakech, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv - Review of World Economics, Vol. 138, No. 4, pp. 711-746.

Zhang, Z.X., 2001, An Assessment of the EU Proposal for Ceilings on the Use of Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms, Ecological Economics, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 53-69.

Zhang, Z.X., 2001, The Liability Rules under International GHG Emissions Trading, Energy Policy , Vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 501-508; Reprinted in Tim Jackson (editor), Mitigating Climate Change: Flexibility Mechanisms, Elsevier, pp. 89-96.

Zhang, Z.X., 2001, Thinking Deeply beyond Kyoto: China's Accomplishments and Challenges in Limiting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, in Hu Angang and Lu Yonglong (editors), Energy and Development: Energy and Environmental Policy in the Global Context, China Planning Press, Beijing, 2001, pp. 275-314.

Zhang, Z.X., 2000, Estimating the Size of the Potential Market for the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv - Review of World Economics, Vol. 136, No. 3, pp. 491-521.

Zhang, Z.X., 2000, Can China Afford to Commit itself an Emissions Cap? An Economic and Political Analysis, Energy Economics, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 587-614.

Zhang, Z.X., 2000, The Design and Implementation of an International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 321-337.

Zhang, Z.X., 2000, Decoupling China's Carbon Emissions Increases from Economic Growth: An Economic Analysis and Policy Implications, World Development, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 739-752.

Zhang, Z.X., 1999, Should the Rules of Allocating Emissions Permits be Harmonised?, Ecological Economics, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 11-18.

Zhang, Z.X., 1999, Is China Taking Actions to Limit its Greenhouse Gas Emissions? Past Evidence and Future Prospects (Press Release at the Resources for the Future), in J. Goldemberg and W. Reid (editors), Promoting Development while Slowing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Growth, United Nations Development Programme, New York, pp. 45-57.

Zhang, Z.X., 1998, Macroeconomic Effects of CO2 Emission Limits: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis for China, Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 213-250.

Zhang, Z.X., 1998, Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading and the World Trading System, Journal of World Trade, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 219-239; Reprinted in W. Bradnee Chambers (editor), Inter-linkages: The Kyoto Protocol and the International Trade and Investment Regimes, United Nations University Press, Tokyo, 2001, pp. 119-151.

Zhang, Z.X., 1998, Cost-Effective Analysis of Carbon Abatement Options in China's Electricity Sector, Energy Sources, Vol. 20, Nos. 4/5, pp. 385-405.

Zhang, Z.X., 1998, Macro-economic and Sectoral Effects of Carbon Taxes: A General Equilibrium Assessment for China, Economic Systems Research, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 135-159.

Zhang, Z.X. and H. Folmer, 1998, Economic Modelling Approaches to Cost Estimates for the Control of Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy Economics, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 101-120.

SHORT BIO: ZhongXiang Zhang is an adjunct professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Peking University. He was a visiting fellow at Pennsylvania State University and Stanford University; a senior fellow at University of Groningen in the Netherlands; a research fellow at Wageningen University in the Netherlands and the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands; and researcher with the National Development and Reform Commission in Beijing. He has been a consultant to many organizations, including UNCTAD, UNDP, UNEP, OECD, CEC, European Commission, IPCC, ADB and the World Bank. He is a co-editor of both Environmental Economics and Policy Studies and International Journal of Ecological Economics & Statistics, and serves on the editorial boards of nine other international journals. He is among the most cited authors by the IPCC Climate Change 2001 and 2007. He holds a Ph.D. in economics from Wageningen University.