Almost 55,000 people lived in the de facto stateless spaces known as enclaves along the border of Bangladesh and India until 2015. Enclaves were pieces of one state inside another where residents lacked access to basic rights, such as health, education and legal protection. These enclaves were exchanged in 2015 and for the first time in the last seventy years, the residents were recognized as citizens. The new citizens and respective state(s) now navigate the fraught terrain of state-making and citizenship.  

Video of Md. Azmeary Ferdoush's presentation on 05/07/19 at East-West Center:

Md. Azmeary Ferdoush is a Ph.D. candidate in Geography and Environment at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. He serves as a Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Dhaka in Bangladesh and has authored several articles in top-tier journals. In 2018, he co-edited Borders and Mobility in South Asian and Beyond that was published from the Amsterdam University Press. He is a former Graduate Degree Fellow and currently a Student-Affiliate with the East-West Center. His research focuses on borders, state, (non)citizenship and nationalism.

Almost 55,000 people lived in the de facto stateless spaces known as enclaves along the border of Bangladesh and India until 2015. Enclaves were pieces of one state inside another where residents lacked access to basic rights, such as health, education and legal protection. These enclaves were exchanged in 2015 and for the first time in the last seventy years, the residents were recognized as citizens. The new citizens and respective state(s) now navigate the fraught terrain of state-making and citizenship.  

Video of Md. Azmeary Ferdoush's presentation on 05/07/19 at East-West Center:

Md. Azmeary Ferdoush is a Ph.D. candidate in Geography and Environment at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. He serves as a Lecturer in Sociology at the University of Dhaka in Bangladesh and has authored several articles in top-tier journals. In 2018, he co-edited Borders and Mobility in South Asian and Beyond that was published from the Amsterdam University Press. He is a former Graduate Degree Fellow and currently a Student-Affiliate with the East-West Center. His research focuses on borders, state, (non)citizenship and nationalism.