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Almost 55,000 people lived in the de facto stateless spaces known as enclaves along the border of Bangladesh and India until 2015. Enclaves were pieces of one state inside another where residents lacked access to basic rights, such as health, education and legal protection. These enclaves were exchanged in 2015 and for the first time in the last seventy years, the residents were recognized as citizens. The new citizens and respective state(s) now navigate the fraught terrain of state-making and citizenship.
Video of Md. Azmeary Ferdoush's presentation on 05/07/19 at East-West Center:
Almost 55,000 people lived in the de facto stateless spaces known as enclaves along the border of Bangladesh and India until 2015. Enclaves were pieces of one state inside another where residents lacked access to basic rights, such as health, education and legal protection. These enclaves were exchanged in 2015 and for the first time in the last seventy years, the residents were recognized as citizens. The new citizens and respective state(s) now navigate the fraught terrain of state-making and citizenship.
Video of Md. Azmeary Ferdoush's presentation on 05/07/19 at East-West Center: