Taking advantage of the opportunities and responding to the new challenges presented by the demographic transition require forward-looking policies that take account of population dynamics. Implementing policies to promote economic growth and respond to the social protection needs of a changing population are also critical to addressing high levels of economic inequality. Hence, the success of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which pledges that no one will be left behind, is strongly bound to anticipating and planning for the effects of the demographic transition that will unfold during the SDG period.